Laura Wells, 54, a fitness coach in Fort Worth, Texas, felt silly when she first tried giving herself a hug. Then, she realized, "it really helps." It's one of the ways that she is attempting to "reparent" herself - by meeting emotional needs that she says were neglected during her childhood.

The idea of reparenting has been around for decades, but the practice has flourished in recent years as interest in trauma-informed therapy has soared. It is now the subject of books, podcasts and TikTok hashtags. In reparenting, the patient is empowered to find their hurt "inner child" and help it feel loved so that they can develop a stronger sense of self and better relationships with others. It's not an easy process.

"I'm always telling people, reparenting your inner child is messy and uncomfortable and awkward," said Nicole Johnson, a licensed professional counselor in Boise, Idaho, and the author of a new book on the topic. But when her clients acknowledge their pain and view it through the lens of their younger selves, she said, they tend to have more self-compassion and gradually drop the coping mechanisms from their childhood that are no longer helpful.

## Where did the concept come from? Reparenting originated in the 1960s, when the therapist Jacqui Schiff encouraged her patients with schizophrenia to live with her and then regress back to childhood. She assumed the role of a caregiver and cradled her clients, even asking them to wear diapers and feeding them bottles.

Initially, Ms. Schiff was widely admired for her unconventional methods, which she claimed could "cure" schizophrenia. Then a patient died while under her care. She was later found guilty of ethics violations and her techniques were widely criticized and condemned as an abuse of power.

Jordan Bate, an associate professor of clinical psychology at Yeshiva University, said that reparenting resonates with people because it offers a language for talking about how past experiences shape the way we feel now, and highlights the ways in which defense mechanisms are used to navigate pain.

## What, exactly, is your inner child? The idea that we all have an inner child dates back nearly 100 years. The concept is often credited to the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, who once wrote that inside every adult "lurks a child - an eternal child, something that is always becoming, is never completed, and calls for unceasing care, attention and education." But it can also be partly attributed to Sigmund Freud, who emphasized the lasting effects of childhood, and to the clinicians behind attachment theory, who suggested that early emotional bonds with caregivers shape who we become later on.

The self-help evangelist John Bradshaw helped popularize the phrase "inner child" in the 1990s. He argued that physical or emotional abuse or neglect during childhood can create lasting emotional wounds, leading to feelings of shame, self-blame and guilt that have become the "major source of human misery." As a result, adults may have difficulty forming healthy relationships, engage in self-destructive behavior or develop a harsh inner critic. At the time, some experts viewed Mr. Bradshaw with skepticism or equated his work with pop psychology.

Today, therapists sometimes invoke the inner child as a conversational tool to help their patients process thoughts, experiences and feelings from childhood that they are carrying into adulthood. The inner child symbolizes the parts of the self that were "not safe to show" during childhood and the "feelings that were not allowed to be expressed," Dr. Bate said.

## What does reparenting look like? Some reparenting strategies can be tackled independently, but Dr. Bate said it's best to seek help from a therapist because exploring unmet needs from childhood can lead to grief, anger, shame and loneliness.

Or patients may write letters to their younger selves to validate the pain that they experienced in the past, and practice treating themselves with more kindness.

For Ms. Wells, reparenting has been helpful. Before she started it a couple of years ago, she said, she was a perfectionist and a people pleaser who equated emotions with weakness. To avoid getting hurt by others, she relied only on herself.

"There was the me that was put into place to protect me, but also kept me from opening up to anybody," she said. "And now there's the real me," she added, "that is learning how to experience life."